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Yam farming in Nigeria is one of the most profitable and traditional forms of agriculture, providing both food and income for millions of farmers. Nigeria is the largest producer of yam in the world, contributing over 70% of global output. For young farmers, starting a yam farm can be a gateway to financial freedom and sustainable agribusiness. This guide will walk you through how to start yam farming in Nigeria and become successful.
1. Understand the Yam Farming Business
Before you start yam farming, you must understand the business aspect. Yam is a staple food in Nigerian homes, and demand is always high in local markets and for export. The main types of yam commonly grown in Nigeria include White yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and Yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis).
Key benefits of yam farming:
- High market demand and profitability
- Long storage life after harvest
- Can be intercropped with maize or cassava to increase profit
- Good export potential
2. Select the Right Land
Yams thrive best in well-drained, fertile sandy-loam soil rich in organic matter. Choose land that is:
- Located in an area with moderate rainfall (1000–1500 mm per year)
- Free from flooding or waterlogging
- Easy to access for transportation and marketing
Clear the land early, preferably during the dry season, to prepare for planting before the rainy season starts.
3. Choose Healthy Yam Setts (Seed Yams)
Seed selection is crucial for high yield. Select disease-free, healthy yam tubers from a previous harvest. Cut the yam into setts weighing 200–300 grams, ensuring each piece has at least one healthy “eye” or bud.
Tips:
- Treat cut yam setts with fungicides or wood ash to prevent rot.
- Allow them to dry in a shaded area for a few days before planting.
4. Prepare the Soil and Planting
- Ridges or mounds: Yam is best planted on ridges or mounds about 1 meter apart to allow for tuber expansion.
- Planting time: The ideal time to plant yam in Nigeria is March to May, depending on the region.
- Planting depth: Place the yam sett about 15 cm deep, with the bud facing upward.
5. Staking and Weeding
Yam vines need support for healthy growth. Use bamboo or strong wooden stakes to prevent the vines from spreading on the ground.
- Stake the plants about 4–6 weeks after planting.
- Weed regularly to reduce competition for nutrients and water.
6. Fertilizer and Crop Management
Yam benefits from organic manure like compost or poultry droppings. You can also apply NPK fertilizer (15:15:15)two months after planting.
Good crop management practices include:
- Mulching to conserve soil moisture
- Controlling pests like yam beetles and nematodes
- Monitoring for fungal diseases such as anthracnose
7. Harvesting and Storage
Yams are ready for harvest 8–10 months after planting, usually between December and February. Harvest carefully to avoid bruising the tubers.
After harvest:
- Dry the yams under shade for a few days.
- Store them in a well-ventilated yam barn to prevent rot and spoilage.
8. Marketing Your Yams
You can sell your yams in:
- Local markets
- Wholesale food stores
- Export markets (after proper packaging and certification)
Adding value through yam flour (elubo) or yam chips can also increase your profit margin.
9. Success Tips for Young Yam Farmers
- Start small and expand gradually.
- Join a cooperative society for support and training.
- Keep detailed farm records for proper management.
- Learn modern yam farming techniques from agricultural extension officers.
Conclusion
Yam farming in Nigeria is a profitable and rewarding agribusiness if done with the right knowledge and dedication. As a young farmer, you can succeed by choosing fertile land, using healthy seed yams, applying good farming practices, and marketing strategically. With patience and consistency, you can build a sustainable yam farming business that contributes to Nigeria’s food security and your financial growth.
